alternative to gruyere cheese in dauphinoise

Luckily, a few excellent substitutes will work just as well in your recipes. If you just want to capture the super-gooey qualities of gruyere cheese, American cheese is the way to go. This semi-hard cheese originates in the town of Edam in the Netherlands. Is it the smooth, creamy texture? The younger ones taste more subtle, while the older varieties obtain a granular texture and an intense nutty and earthy flavour. However, despite how great a cheese Gruyre is it can be quite expensive to buy right here in the US. Cheddar cheese is perfect for melting into your soups or stews. Originally from the Aosta Valley in Italy, fontina cheese has a nutty flavor paired with savory foods. The only real downside to using Parmesan cheese is that this particular substitute for Gruyere can be rather pricey. It also lacks the characteristic holes of other Swiss cheeses. 3 - Fontina Cheese. Raclette cheese is a semi-hard cheese made from raw cows milk. These 15 Substitutes Actually Work, 10 Heavy Cream Substitutes to Use in Any Recipe, Everything to Know About Mardi Gras King Cake. Fontina Val dAosta D.O.P. Its also a great addition to grilled sandwiches and salads. This makes it perfect for using in a variety of ways from slicing on sandwiches to melting in a fondue pot. You can find Beaufort in most delicatessens or organic markets, but it may be a lesser-known cheese in your area. Youll also miss out on the creamy texture gruyere gets from its high fat content. What can I substitute for Gruyre cheese in mac and cheese? STEP 1. In fact, it's often used with Gruyre when making fondue, so you know it will have a similar melting power. But what if you cant find Gruyere cheese at your local grocery store? Gratest Hits: 6 Substitutes for Gruyere Cheese Medically reviewed by Kathy W. Warwick, R.D., CDE , Nutrition By Sarah Garone on April 28, 2021 What it is There he started the production of cheese. They both get that satisfying gooey texture when melted, and they both have a distinctly cheesy flavor without being overpowering. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. It will also depend on the quiche recipe that youre trying to follow. (Though if you are committed to Gruyre Grilled Cheese Fridays, by all means, go off.). Rub the gratin dish with the . Raclette cheese will vary in flavor depending on where its been made. Juliana has a BA in Journalism and Creative Writing as well as a M.S. Need Gruyre but cant find it? 2. Gouda carries a very mild flavour. This is my personal favorite substitute for gruyere cheese because of how it seems to melt in your mouth. It also carries a slightly nutty and sweet flavour. Comt is a semi-hard French cheese, made with cow's milk. It has a creamy texture with hints of onion, and even bacon. Even though cheddar has a completely different flavour and texture to Gruyere, you can use cheddar cheese in baked recipes. Cant find Emmental cheese? Both emmental and cheddar cheese are good substitutions for gruyere in mac and cheese. Both cheeses are Italian. Emmental and jarlsberg are great substitutes for gruyere in a French onion soup recipe. Gruyre cheese is cured for roughly 6 months or longer. Pour the milk and cream into a large saucepan, add the garlic, tip in the potatoes and bring to the boil. It has a unique texture thats just right for a lot of decadent recipes, making it a staple for those who love stomach-warming foods. This variety of cheese would cost around US $18 to 20 per pound. There are days for .css-1c1h30u{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#12837c;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1c1h30u:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}eating healthy and then there are days for eating cheese. Gouda, a cheese from the Netherlands, is one of the most popular cheeses in the world, accounting for 50 to 60 percent of global cheese consumption, so it is sure to be a crowd-pleaser. Not only in terms of fat content 27% compared to 33% but also in terms of its slightly nutty flavor, its yellow shade, and, oh-so-importantly, its very affordable price. Here are the different age profiles of this Swiss cheese: There are plenty of famous recipes which call for the addition of Gruyere. You'll be sure to taste it in your soups or stews. This cheese is the best substitute for Gruyere cheese. Raclette and gruyere have a very similar fat-to-oil ratio, so they have the same remarkable melting texture. How to Make Gratin Dauphinois. 6. Gruyere cheese is a type of Swiss cheese made from unpasteurized cows milk. Plus, it melts easily so it's a great choice for using on pizzas or in casseroles. Before we get into what substitutes to use for gruyere cheese, its important to understand what makes gruyere special. However, if you simply need a good substitute for Gruyre, there are plenty of other melting cheeses to try. Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F. Combine the cream, salt, black pepper, garlic (peel the cloves and smash them gently with the palm of your hand) and thyme in a small saucepan. It is thought this unique shape made it easier for French farmers to carry the cheese down the mountains. Celeriac dauphinoise with Le Gruyre AOP and garlic Celeriac dauphinoise with Le Gruyre AOP and garlic by Food Urchin Another simple dauphinoise alternative, Danny Kingston makes the most of Gruyre by pairing it with celeriac - a vegetable that has a similar sweet and nutty flavour profile. If you would like to get creative with your substitutes for Gruyere, you can try this mix of two cheeses. First, preheat the oven to 350F and butter a 1 -quart baking dish (or casserole dish or gratin dish). Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. remove from the oven and set aside until no longer steaming, about 5 minutes. That being said, these qualities can also be very difficult to reproduce. Emmental cheese has a lot of holes inside, which make it popular in soups and stews, but you can also eat this with fruit or on sandwiches. Emmental makes a great replacement for Gruyre, and you can choose the best maturity for your needs based on the flavor you want to add to your quiche. My team and I are the creators of AmericasRestaurant.com, where we share recipes, restaurant reviews, and culinary tips. Whereas Gruyre is a firm yellow cheese, mozzarella is soft and white. Thank you, Your email address will not be published. To replace Gruyere cheese, use the same amount of Emmental cheese. Add a layer of the infused cream, followed by a layer of potatoes and a layer of Gruyere cheese. Instead, Id recommend one of the recommendations made above. Gruyere also tastes slightly fruity, however it has more of a nutty aftertaste and is a bit more salty as it is cured in brine for eight days. This particular cheese has fantastic melting properties, thanks to its traditional dish. The types of cheese you can get also vary in hardness. Gruyre may be king, but theres plenty of other good cheeses in the court. It will also depend on the quiche recipe that youre trying to follow. Plunge the slices thinly in a bowl of cold water to wash off some of the starch. Depending on whether you're melting cheese or adding more variety to your charcuterie board, you might consider Beaufort, Comt, Jarlsberg, Emmental, or Fontina. Flavor: Swiss and Gruyere cheeses both have a mild, nutty and slightly sweet flavor that becomes more intense with age. Quantity used: For 100 grams of Gruyere, use only 50 grams of raclette cheese. It is made in a way, where raw milk is heated up to 34C and curdles by adding liquid rennet. alternative to gruyere cheese in dauphinoise. Instead, its surface is smooth. Instructions. It is an excellent melting cheese and will work perfectly for a mac and cheese recipe for instance. Use it only as a last resort when you just need any type of cheese for baked recipes. The cheese itself is a firm cheese thats pale yellow in color. Beaufort cheese is often used in grated form, as it melts well and has a creamy consistency. Which makes it another great substitute for Gruyre if youre wanting to find a reliably melty cheese! Emmental does have a similar texture and firmness to Gruyre and similar holes that are associated with Swiss cheese. What can I use instead of Gruyere in dauphinoise? This Italian semi-soft cow milk cheese is a bit more pungent than other options, but it melts well and pairs with other ingredients easily. Scatter over the Gruyre cheese and place in the oven for 30 minutes or until the top begins to bubble and brown. After preparing, add the sauce to recipes like potatoes au gratin in the same proportions as melted gruyere cheese. Can you integrate if function is not continuous? Thats not true, though; substitutes can often be better than the original in certain situations. Follow the substitution ratio to determine how much is required in your recipe. Our mission is to bring people together through food and cooking. Gruyere cheese is rich in calcium, fat and protein. But sometimes you might not have the exact ingredients you need for a recipe especially if its been a while since you last went to buy food. So there you have it! So, if you're looking to swap it out for something less expensive or you simply cant find it at your local grocery store, try one of these Gruyre cheese substitutes instead. You can substitute mozzarella for Gruyere in pasta bakes, however you will never be able to replicate the rich flavour. Cheese is a versatile ingredient that can be used in so many different recipes that it has become a firm staple in many a refrigerator. This is another cheese thats strong in flavor and perfect for melting into your soups or stews. Gruyere cheese is widely available across supermarkets. It has a mild flavor and can often be swapped with Gruyre when in need of a good snacking cheese. If you're a fan of cheesy dishes, then you'll want to get to know fontina cheese. A typical Emmentaler cheese ages anywhere from 2 to 18 months. Your email address will not be published. It originated in the area of Emmental, near Bern. But what if you dont have any on hand? This particular cheese tends to be matured for at least 3 months but can come in variations of maturity with a minimum of 9, 12, or even 15 months. Quantity used: For 100 grams of Gruyere, use 130 grams of Edam cheese. Stir in the grated cheese and then remove the pan from the heat. What is a cheaper substitute for Gruyere cheese? Cheddar cheese is a very strong and sharp cheese, so it doesnt compare to the flavors of Gruyere. Step 3. The cheese has been made in the region for centuries. Remove from the heat. You can substitute Emmental, Jarlsberg, or Raclette cheese for Gruyre in quiche. Another very reasonable option is any Alpine Gruyere-style cheese that's made in the mountains of nearby Austria or France. This site uses different types of cookies. Posted on Last updated: February 23, 2023, The 5 Best Substitutes for Great Northern Beans. Speaking of melting cheese, we would be remiss if we didnt mention the virtues of fondue here! Yes, Gruyre is decadent and delicious, but sometimes a Friday night grilled cheese just doesnt warrant a trip to Whole Foods. Bring to a boil, then reduce to . Who can say no to a gooey grilled cheese sandwich? Its origins are in Switzerland, although the cheese is extremely popular also in France. Enjoy, and be well, friends! Also, this cheese pairs well with beer and white wine. The cheese is made from unpasteurized cows milk and has a yellow-orange color. Advertisement. Parmesan cheese melts perfectly because it's dry with a firm texture. It's made in the Swiss style and it closely resembles Emmental cheese. If youre a fan of cheesy dishes, then youll want to get to know fontina cheese. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Being a good substitute for Gruyre, this cheese is again a very good melter; good to be used for lasagne, pizzas, sandwiches, pastas, fondues, etc. Edam is a semi-hard Dutch cheese made primarily with cow's milk. The curd then reaches a temperature of 54C. Unsurprisingly, the cheese wont melt like gruyere will. Also, it is very aromatic, so the flavour of an aged raclette cheese might be too bold for some people. The price ranges from $14 to $18 per pound. We're talking about a creamy, decadent cheese, which also happens to be the king of the cheese-pull: Gruyre. There are cases, though, in which you will not find this specific cheese or you cant afford it. Beaufort cheese also has great melting properties, but tends to taste best with fish dishes. However, you can also use Emmental cheese for a variety of other recipes. Jarlsberg is like the lite version of gruyere. It is quite buttery in texture and has become a firm favorite for many Americans. Is Swiss cheese the same as Gruyre cheese? This cheese is an excellent substitute for Gruyere cheese. What can I use instead of Gruyre in dauphinoise? There are plenty of other premier cheeses that can serve as good substitutes for Gruyre cheese. If you are looking for a cheese to go with a particular food, say maybe to serve alongside a Peach Cobbler, tell them. Almond cream cheese, yeast, and miso paste give it gruyeres trademark creamy texture, and, since gruyere has a naturally nutty flavor, the end result is amazingly close to the cheese. For another smooth, semi-hard Swiss cheese, Emmental is a great choice. Get Gratin Dauphinois Recipe fr To substitute Gruyere, use the same amount of Comte, but try it first because some people find the flavor too complex. Thats pretty amazing for the cheese that is the poster-child for those gooey cheese pulls you see in commercials. I am a foodie and I love to cook. Its perfect for melting without becoming oily. You may like: What Can You Substitute for Cheddar Cheese Soup? Gouda cheese is made from cows milk and has a fat content of around 48%. Quantity used: Substitute with 1:1 ratio. Read More, In case of sale of your personal information, you may opt out by using the link Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Beaufort melts easily as well, so you can consider it when making French onion soup, scalloped potatoes, fondue, or Croque monsieur. Start assembling the dish. Depending on how long the cheese has been aged will determine the best way to use it. So, gather your family and friends and enjoy. Ild like to have it tonight if I dont have to run to the store! It is also slightly sweet and salty, which makes it a great addition to a cheeseboard. For many recipes, Gruyere cheese is the best choice. I would not recommend using mozzarella as a substitute for Gruyere. Serve in wedges with some handsome roast meat or simply by itself for a light meal. Our simple and delicious recipe comes courtesy of the author Paula Wolfert, and it's featured in the "Mediterranean Clay Pot Cooking" book. Gruyere cheese is a delicious, versatile cheese that can be used in various dishes. Add heavy cream, milk, garlic, thyme, rosemary, and salt to a large bot. The fact that its versatile enough to be used in both sweet and savory dishes? It has a sharp flavor and is one of the essential ingredients in French onion soupgruyere cheese pairs well with white wines and red wines with harsh tannins such as Cabernet Sauvignon. It has a higher water-to-oil ratio than almost any other cheese on the market, which is why it melts into an evenly-textured gooey pool of cheesy goodness instead of separating into a quickly-hardening clump of oily fat like many melted cheeses. Then, use a mandolin or a knife to thinly slice the potatoes. The flavor can also vary depending on the maturity and variety of cheese you choose. And no, were not referring to Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortezwe assume she is too busy to be stamping cheeses. Try our best gruyere cheese substitute from the list provided. in a glass measuring pitcher, whisk together heavy cream (double cream), and milk. Made with cows milk from the grasslands of the French and Swiss Alps, raclette is similar in texture to Gruyere cheese, with a distinctive aroma. Which is the best substitute for Gruyre cheese? Vegan eaters will appreciate this gooey tofu-based sauce, which will replicate the creamy texture of melted gruyere while cutting out the animal fat. It can cost anywhere between $14 to $18 per pound, which is a lot of money if you only want to grab a bit of Gruyre for a single recipe. Its no wonder that the French call it Le Fromage des Rois or The Cheese of Kings. It can also be known as Emmentaler or Emmenthal. A cheese like Emmental is quite universal. It is also known as Maasdam cheese. The cheese is named after the town of Beaufort in the Savoie region of France. You can use cheddar in making grilled cheese sandwiches and mac and cheese, but for other dishes that ask for Gruyere, use any of the substitutes in this list. For another smooth, semi-hard Swiss cheese, Emmental is a great choice. Unlike Gruyre, Emmental has larger holes (representative of a classic Swiss cheese) and a buttery flavor making it perfect for casseroles and gratins. It is famous for its distinct Jura terroir. Although, Fontina is a semi-soft cheese, whereas Parmesan is a firm cheese. Edam is used in many dishes, including sandwiches, tarts, quiche, frittatas, and pasta dishes. When she isnt busy working, you can find her running with her dog Milo or reading a book in the sun. What is the closest tasting cheese to Gruyre? Cookies are small text files that can be used by websites to make a user's experience more efficient. Raclette cheese originated from Valais in Switzerland, and the name also refers to the traditional raclette dish it is used for. Thanks to its versatility, taste and texture, there are many recipes which call for this Swiss cheese. The taste of Gruyere does not become overwhelming until it has been aged for a long time. Gruyere cheese is not sold whole (in wheels). Kids love mozzarella, too. Fortunately, there are many substitutes for Gruyere cheese that you can buy at your local supermarket. In addition, Beaufort cheese is made with unpasteurised cow's milk and is known as one of the best Alpine cheeses in the world. Emmental, which is extremely similar to the traditional Swiss cheese you can find at any grocery store, is probably the closest approximation to gruyere cheese. Cheddar cheese isnt the best substitute for Gruyre, no. Its best to buy Gruyere in wedges and grate it yourself. The term raclette is derived from the French word racler, which means to scrape. As the name suggests, this cheese is used in raclette because it melts easily. Top 7 Tasty and Easy-To-Use Bread Crumbs Substitutes For, Top 6 Farmers Cheese Substitutes For Your Favorite Recipes, Top 6 Substitutes For Pancetta That You Will Fall In Love, Top 7 Substitutes For Leeks That Work In All Dishes You, Top 7 Tomato Paste Substitutes For Every Dish and Sauce You, Top 7 Fish Sauce Substitutes For Every Soup, Sauce, and Dish, 6 Best Substitutes for Coconut Milk and Coconut Cream That, Top 6 Sage Substitutes For Your Classic and New Recipes, 6 Best Caster Sugar Substitutes for Your Dish and Recipes, Top 6 Balsamic Vinegar Substitutes For All Your Sauces and. Kerrygold Irish Dubliner. The cheese then ripens for 2 months at room temperature. In France and Switzerland, you can easily find Gruyere cheese in a fromagerie. Usually, you can find this cheese in rounded cylinders covered by red paraffin wax for better preservation. It is often compared to Edam. You probably shouldn't substitute Greek yogurt for gruyere in recipes where cheese is the main ingredient - a bowl of Greek yogurt fondue or a grilled "cheese" sandwich with yogurt might be gross. Since it melts well, you can use raclette cheese in fondues, baked goods, and mac and cheese. Staying in France for our next cheese, our last choice for a great Gruyre substitute is Beaufort. Because it has been aged between 3 and 6 months, this cheese is a bit stronger than these other substitutes. However, sometimes one can find varieties with a mixture of cow and goat milk. 5 great cheese substitutes for any Gruyre recipes you want to get stuck in with. It tends to be ripened for at least 4 months up to 18 or 24 months, and has a dusty brown rind with a pale yellow center. Pour the remaining creamy liquor over the top and shake the dish so that you have an even layer. Gruyere cheese is originally Swiss, but its one of the few Swiss cheeses without large holes running through it. For mac and cheese, you need a mild and semi-soft cheese. What's your favorite substitute for Gruyre? Top 3 Substitute for Gruyere Cheese Reviews [amazon box="B08FSNC1GS"] The 1-pound container is 72 percent butterfat. Posted on Last updated: February 24, 2023. This basically certifies that the cheese has a controlled designation of origin. Gruyere cheese is one of those very versatile cheeses that go well in many dishes. Swiss cheese is the most obvious choice, but other options include fontina, Beaufort, and gouda. You can also buy this versatile cheese shredded easily at most supermarkets. But keep in mind that Gouda is sweet and fruity, and it is also much softer than Gruyere. Treat Beaufort cheese exactly like Gruyere. To get the delicate nutty flavor of dauphinoise, I like to use Gruyere cheese. Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that you are in. The 5 BEST Non-dairy Substitutes for Buttermilk, The 5 BEST Low-carb Substitutes for Potatoes, The 5 BEST Dairy-free Substitutes for Butter, The 5 BEST Dairy-free Substitutes for Cream Cheese. It tends to typically be matured for between 3 to 6 months. Whats best, you can tell the cheesemonger exactly how much you need. Dauphinoise Potatoes, also known as Potato Dauphinoise or Gratin dauphinoise, is a French dish made with sliced potatoes cooked in milk or cream and served in the gratin technique. Foods That Start With B: Our List of 81 Options, Perfect Nachos: 9 of Best Canned Cheese for Nacho Night, cheese Gruyre is it can be quite expensive, substitutes for Gruyre cheese so that you can cook, How To Cook Corn On the Cob (Our Best Ways), How to Soften Brown Sugar (Our Best Ways! 7 February 2021 - By Michelle MinnaarThis post may contain affiliate links. For small substitutions, though, Greek yogurt is a great low-fat alternative. Like Gruyere, raclette does not separate when melted, making it a great cooking cheese and one that would lend a nutty and refined flavor to any mac and cheese recipe. Emmental cheese is a type of Swiss cheese renowned for its distinct flavor and distinctive holes. An Italian cheese with a velvety texture, Fontina is recommended as a Gruyre cheese substitute by Reddit user @ ljbc_4178, who read a recipe that says Fontina is a suitable replacement. Technically, a knockoff of Alpine Emmentaler, American Swiss is made with pasteurized cows milk and has smaller eyes and milder flavor. Graviera cheese Graviera cheese is a Greek cheese, which is produced all over Greece. This is the most obvious substitute for Gruyere cheese. Unclassified cookies are cookies that we are in the process of classifying, together with the providers of individual cookies. Palette as in painters palette. Mix the gruyere and parmesan cheese together in a small bowl. Even Parmesan can work as a good melting cheese when combined with Fontina. It still has a nice creamy taste and a noticeable kick, though, and its solid enough to sit atop a piping hot bowl of french onion soup. While extra mature cheddar can sometimes give you a more nutty taste, its not as hard as Gruyre, and doesnt quite melt the same. 2. Quantity used: For 100 grams of Gruyere, combine 60 grams of Fontina with 40 grams of Parmesan cheese. Once again, you dont have to worry about your soups or stews tasting bland after substituting Jack cheese for Gruyere. Even though cheddar has a completely different flavour and texture to Gruyere, you can use cheddar cheese in baked recipes. Since gouda is suited to be melted and cooked and served with cheese-boards, it can be a good substitute for gruyere. Also, Kars gravyer was invented by David Moser, a Swiss cheese producer, who was travelling to the Turkish region of Bogatepe. Dauphinoise is the French method of baking potatoes in milk, cream, and cheese. We hope you enjoy our blog! The flavor of raclette cheese can vary depending on the region it was made, but it tends to be fruity, nutty, milky, and spicy. You can grate this type of Swiss cheese just like Gruyere. You may want to shop around for sales before buying it. Find a swap for grilled cheese, fondue, and so much more! I'm Andrew Gray, a food writer and blogger with experience in the restaurant and catering industries. Nel 2022, circa il 40% del formaggio svizzero stato venduto all'estero. To prepare, use: Cheddar is one of the best melting cheeses out there. Raclette cheese is an alpine cow milk-based cheese that has a semi-hard texture. Its produced in exactly the same way it has been for 900 years, in big copper vats that turn out impressive wheels. Just take a look in the cheese section, I am 100% confident that you will find it there. You can pair this cheese with a good wine or beer as well. As the cheese ages, the flavour becomes increasingly nutty. There are plenty of cheeses which are similar in terms of taste and texture. spread the cauliflower on a rimmed baking sheet in an even layer and roast until just starting to brown around the edges but still a bit firm, about 20 minutes. Kars gravyer, which is also known as Kars Gruyere cheese, is a hard cheese of Turkish origin made with pure cow's milk. Try it in mac and cheese, especially if used in combination with other cheeses on this list. This is not only one of the most popular substitutes for Gruyere cheese, but its also one of the best. Place slices in a large bowl of cold water and drain thoroughly. Gruyere cheese is one of the most popular cheeses in the world. American Swiss cheese is typically less flavorful than Emmental. What can I substitute for Gruyre cheese in quiche? Depending on which particular qualities youre looking for in a Gruyere substitute, there are plenty of substitutes you can try out. She loves traveling, trying new foods, and cooking. Here are the cheeses to reach for instead. Ma i dati relativi allo scorso anno mostrano una diminuzione delle esportazioni di tutte le categorie di formaggi con l'unica eccezione della crema di formaggio e del quark, aumentati costantemente negli ultimi anni perch ben si sposano con l'utilizzo in cucina, anche se la Svizzera tradizionalmente pi . Our best tips for eating thoughtfully and living joyfully, right in your inbox. Add potatoes, salt, and pepper and continue to simmer, stirring occasionally, until potatoes are tender, 20 minutes. Not only because of its ooey-gooey texture, but also because its flavor, while distinct, is extremely mild. So, what exactly is Gruyre cheese? Use half the amount that you would Gruyere, but taste as you go, as you can always add more. Yum! Surprisingly, though, mozzarella cheese is quite low in fat compared to most cheeses with around 17% fat content. Hi there, I'm Kimberly Baxter, the owner of EatDelights.com. It also closely resembles Emmental, but has a sweeter and stronger flavor than its Switzerland counterpart. Use it in combination with Parmesan cheese for a close substitute to Gruyre. Emmental cheese is most commonly used in fondue and Raclette, although it can also be enjoyed on its own or as part of a cheeseboard. Buying raclette cheese shouldnt be too hard, but you can try the delicatessen at your local grocery or organic store. Whisk together. The flavor of Comt mostly consists of nutty aromas balanced with brown-butter and sweet notes to finish. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc or its affiliates.

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